Saúde e Doença nas Experiências Religiosas/Espirituais: Integrando Modelos de Wilber e Cloninger / Health and Illness in Religious/Spiritual experiences: integrating Wilber's and Cloninger's Models / Salud y Enfermedad en Experiencias Religiosas/Espirituales: integración de los modelos de Wilber y Cloninger

O estudo científico das experiências religiosas/espirituais tem sido negligenciado ao longo da história da Psicologia, ocasionando uma indiferenciação destas e dos sintomas psicóticos de conteúdo religioso/espiritual. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar e comparar duas teorias: a Psicologia Integral, de Wilber, e o Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger, a fim de desenvolver critérios para diferenciar saúde e doença mental em experiências religiosas/espirituais. O conceito wilberiano de "Falácia Pré-Trans" aparece enquanto chave de leitura para a diferenciação entre experiência religiosas/espirituais e transtornos mentais, aproximando-se da concepção de maturidade de caráter observada nos conceitos de autodirecionamento e de autotranscendência de Cloninger.(AU)

The scientific study of religious/spiritual experiences has been neglected throughout the history of psychology causing a lack of differentiation between them and psychotic symptoms. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare two theories: Integral Psychology, by Wilber, and the Psychobiological Model, by Cloninger, in order to distinguish health and mental illness in religious/spiritual experiences. The Wilberian concept of "Pre-Trans Fallacy" is a reading key to differ religious/spiritual experiences from mental disorders. It is similar to the conception of Maturity of Character observed in Cloninger's concepts of Self-directedness and Self-transcendence.(AU)

El estudio científico de las experiencias religiosas/espirituales ha sido descuidado a lo largo de la historia de la Psicología causando una indiferencia de éstas y de los síntomas psicóticos de contenido religioso/espiritual. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar y comparar dos teorías: la Psicología Integral, de Wilber, y el Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger, con el fin de desarrollar criterios para diferenciar salud y enfermedad mental en experiencias religiosas/espirituales. El concepto Wilberiano de "Falacia Pre-Trans" aparece como clave de lectura para la diferenciación entre la experiencia religiosa/espiritual y los trastornos mentales, acercándose a la concepción de madurez de carácter observada en los conceptos de Autodirección y Autotrascendencia de Cloninger.(AU)

Potential Relationship between Season of Birth and Clinical Characteristics in Major Depressive Disorder in Koreans: Results from the CRESCEND Study

We aimed to examine the potential relationship between season of birth (SOB) and clinical characteristics in Korean patients with unipolar non-psychotic major depressive disorder (MDD). Using data from the Clinical Research Center for Depression (CRESCEND) study in South Korea, 891 MDD patients were divided into two groups, those born in spring/summer (n=457) and those born in autumn/winter (n=434). Measurement tools comprising the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Clinical Global Impression of severity, Social and Occupation Functional Assessment Scale, WHO Quality of Life assessment instrument-abbreviated version, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, and Temperament and Character Inventory were used to evaluate depression, anxiety, overall symptoms, suicidal ideation, global severity, social function, quality of life, drinking, and temperament and character, respectively. Using independent t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for discrete variables, the clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. MDD patients born in spring/summer were on average younger at onset of first depressive episode (t=2.084, p=0.038), had greater loss of concentration (χ2=4.589, p=0.032), and were more self-directed (t=2.256, p=0.025) than those born in autumn/winter. Clinically, there was a trend for the MDD patients born in spring/summer to display the contradictory characteristics of more severe clinical course and less illness burden; this may have been partly due to a paradoxical effect of the 5-HT system.

A importância da consciência ternária para superar as inadequações da psiquiatria contemporânea / The importance of ternary awareness for overcoming the inadequacies of contemporary psychiatry

Os seres humanos evoluíram em etapas, de modo que nossa consciência desenvolveu três componentes centrais - aprendizagem processual de hábitos e habilidades, aprendizagem semântica de fatos e proposições e autoconsciência de uma identidade que se desenvolve ao longo do tempo e do espaço. Consequentemente, a consciência humana implica o crescimento de nossa subjetividade, integrando esses três aspectos da aprendizagem e da memória. A psiquiatria contemporânea é substancialmente comprometida por um viés antiespiritual que está implícito nas abordagens operacionais de diagnóstico, pesquisa e tratamento. A subjetividade humana não pode ser devidamente desconstruída em uma coleção de objetos independentes entre si, livres de qualquer contexto psicossocial, tal como a que é habitualmente assumida em uma abordagem do tipo "menu chinês" utilizada para o diagnóstico e entrevistas estruturadas. Perspectivas materialistas predispõem os indivíduos a assumirem uma visão de separação que compromete o bem-estar tanto dos profissionais de saúde mental quanto de seus pacientes. O progresso no diagnóstico psiquiátrico, bem como nas formas de tratamento, requer abordagem centrada na pessoa, capaz de respeitar e valorizar a subjetividade humana e promover o cultivo de virtudes tais como esperança, amor e coragem, bem como o uso criterioso de outros métodos psicobiológicos de tratamento. O funcionamento saudável requer o desenvolvimento da autotranscendência, além do autodirecionamento e da cooperatividade. Sem a autotranscendência as pessoas estão consumindo mais recursos do que a terra pode repor. A busca do bem-estar individual, na ausência do bem-estar coletivo, é uma ilusão autodestrutiva. Consequentemente, a psiquiatria contemporânea precisa centrar sua atenção na compreensão da consciência humana por meio de uma via ternária equilibrada, em vez de tentar reduzir as pessoas a objetos materiais separados.

Human beings have evolved in steps so that our consciousness has three major components - procedural learning of habits and skills, semantic learning of facts and propositions, and self-awareness of an identity that develops over time and place. Consequently, human consciousness involves growth in our subjective awareness integrating these three aspects of learning and memory. Contemporary psychiatry is substantially impaired by an anti-spiritual bias that is implicit in operational approaches to diagnosis, research, and treatment. Human subjectivity cannot be adequately deconstructed into a collection of mutually independent objects that are free of any psychosocial context, as is usually assumed in a "Chinese-menu" approach to diagnosis and structured interviewing. Materialistic perspectives predispose people to have an outlook of separateness that impairs the well-being of both mental health professionals and their patients. Progress in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment requires a person-centered approach that respects and appreciates human subjectivity and promotes the cultivation of human virtues like hope, love, and courage, along with judicious use of other psychobiological methods of treatment. Healthy functioning requires the development of self-transcendence in addition to self-directedness and cooperativeness. Without self-transcendence, people are consuming more resources than the earth can replenish. The pursuit of individual well-being in the absence of collective well-being is a self-destructive illusion. Consequently contemporary psychiatry needs to focus its attention on understanding human consciousness in a balanced ternary way rather than trying to reduce people to separate material objects.

Avaliação do autogerenciamento e do direcionamento de carreira: estrutura fatorial da escala de atitudes de carreira proteana / Self-directedness and values orientation in careers: factorial structure of the protean career attitudes scale

O conceito Carreira Proteana descreve um estilo de carreira em que o sucesso, subjetivamente avaliado, é alcançado através do comportamento vocacional autogerenciado e dirigido para valores individuais. A Protean Career Attitudes Scale (PCAS) avalia estas dimensões. O estudo explorou a estrutura fatorial de uma versão brasileira da PCAS. Participaram 446 profissionais de 15 estados brasileiros. A estrutura fatorial da versão final da PCAS com 11 itens confirmou as dimensões originais. Os índices de confiabilidade da escala geral e das subescalas de autogerenciamento de carreira e direcionamento para valores foram bons ou aceitáveis, com alfas respectivamente de 0,83, 0,85 e 0,73. Comparações entre grupos indicaram que homens tiveram médias maiores do que mulheres em autogerenciamento de carreira. Profissionais de empresas privadas tiveram médias mais altas tanto para autogerenciamento de carreira quanto para direcionamento para valores, comparados a servidores públicos. Sugerese a realização de novos estudos correlacionais e comparativos com a PCAS.

The concept of protean career describes a career style in which success is subjectively pondered, and can be achieved through a self-managed and values-oriented vocational behavior. The Protean Career Attitudes Scale (PCAS) aims to assess the self-management and the values orientation dimensions. The present study explored the factorial structure of a Brazilian version of PCAS. Participants were 446 professionals from 15 Brazilian states. The final version of PCAS was composed of 11 items, their factor structure confirming the hypothesized dimensions. Reliability indexes were good or acceptable for the general scale (.83), and for the career self-management (.85) and values orientation subscales (.73). Comparison between groups showed men with significantly higher selfmanagement than women. Moreover, private sector professionals had significantly higher levels of both selfmanagement and values orientation than government workers. Further comparative and correlational studies with contemporary career attitudes are encouraged.

Polymorphisms in 5-HT1Dbeta Receptor Gene and Personality Traits in a Korean Population / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Recently, there has been a growing enthusiasm in biological approach to personality; the identification of genes responsible for particular personality traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the 5-HT1Dbeta G861C polymorphism and personality traits. METHODS: We recruited 218 normal subjects. The Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used to assess personality traits. From blood samples taken from the subjects, DNA was isolated using standard techniques and the HT1Dbeta G861C polymorphism was genotyped by means of polymerase chain reaction and Homogeneous MassEXTEND method. We classified the subject into the GG, CG, and GG groups according to their genotypes. The differences in the temperament factors of the TCI between homozygote group (GG+CC genotype) and heterozygote group (CG genotype) were tested. RESULTS: The heterozygote group had significantly lower Harm avoidance (HA) scores and higher Self-directedness scores (SD) than the homozygote group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found some associations between the 5-HT1Dbeta G861C polymorphism and the personality dimension HA and SD in a normal population.

Associations between Serotonin Transporter Linked Promoter Region Polymorphism and Personality Traits-Normal Female Population Study / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: The personality traits are substantially heritable, and therefore very likely result from the interplay of genetic variations with environmental influences. Recently, there is a growing enthusiasm for biological approaches to personality, especially genetic research on identifying responsible genes. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the associations between serotonin transporter promoter linked region (5-HTTLRP) polymorphism and personality traits. METHODS: We recruited unrelated normal 114 female subjects. The Korean version of temperament and character inventory (TCI) were used to assess personality traits. From the blood, DNA was isolated using standard techniques and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. We classified the subject as s/s, s/l, and l/l group according to their genotype. The differences of TCI scores between l allele non-carrier group (s/s genotype) and l allele carrier group (s/l+l/l genotype) were tested after inclusion of age as covariate in the analysis of variance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: Under the control of age, there were no associations between harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward dependence, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence scores and genotypes. But, persistence and self-directedness score of l allele non-carrier group was significantly higher than that of l allele carrier group. CONCLUSION: The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be associated with persistence and self-directedness score of TCI in normal Korean female population.

Factors Influencing Self-Directedness in Learning of Nursing Students / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to detect the correlations and the main factors influencing self-directedness in learning of nursing students. METHOD: The samples were composed of 224 nurse students who were from three nursing department in Seoul, Chungnam and Kyunbook. The reliability of 4 instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha from .63 to .86. The data was analyzed using a SAS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULT: The results were as follows: 1. The mean self-directedness score was 91.23 which was slightly high. The self-directedness in learning was influenced significantly by grade, perception of self-level, self-study in majoring and self-study except for majoring(F= 3.33-7.14, p<.05). 2. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and the self-directedness(r=.27-48, p<.01). 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 35% of the self-directedness in learning of nursing students were significantly explained by self-esteem(23%), locus of control(6%), self-study except for majoring(2 kind, 2%), self study in majoring(good, 2%), and self-study except for majoring( above 3 kind, 2%). CONCLUSION: Based upon these findings, sociopsychological variables like self-esteem and locus of control are very important factor influencing self-directedness in learning of nursing students.